閱讀主題：
Institutional ethnography (p497-p512)
閱讀書目：
Bourgeault, I., Dingwall, R., & De Vries, R. (Eds.). (2010).
The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Health Research. London:
SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446268247
建制民族誌(IE)和一般的民族誌的方法論相同，但關注的東西和其知識特性不同於一般的民族誌。IE是社會學的一支，它關注的東西在於如何重組有關社會知識的社會關係，意指在研究者面臨的日常生活中的斷裂(rupture)中(尤其在人們的各式協調(coordination)間)，找出隱身在文本背後的機構制度(institutional regime)以及知識的支配關係(ruling relation)。
作者以Mykholovskiy和Rankin提供一些作IE研究的線索：
Mykholovskiy在其2001年的研究論文中，因其對於論述及行動之間的關聯的興趣，透過在一間急性心臟病人照護中心的研究中，了解一篇有關該單位效率管理的論述(Chen/Naylor,1993)，如何改變該中心主席對於效率的認知(從成本效益考量到占床率考量)，進而延伸出改善效率的相關行動。Rankin則是觀察管理主義如何和護理專業形成拉鋸，效率如何從原先不浪費時間及醫院資源變成提高病人流動率。
整體而言，這樣的研究方式給我的提醒有二：
首先是它讓研究者個人的困惑或情緒有一個值得擺放的地方，就像之前和老師討論民族誌如何開始討論反身概念，IE由Smith從女性主義汲取對於專家、知識必須重新審視其發言獨佔問題的想像，另闢一個讓各個位置上的人發聲的方式。同時這樣的方法論也方便擺放像我們這樣的專業者，去反思專業知識領域中的支配關係(ruling relation)
再來是它後實證主義的特質，透過掌握大量人和文本互動的資料，作為研究者的基點。這提醒了我除了場域，文本互動背後的對於我所關注的主題也是有趣的。Campbell為IE下了五項操作型定義(p501)，值得我以此觀看：
1.
這個設施裡的人在做什麼？(中醫做什麼？西醫做什麼？)（OR做什麼是「中醫」？做什麼是「西醫」？）
2.
他們怎麼知道自己應該做什麼？(與既有的工作經驗衝突？依據命令做事？)（OR更多隱形或間接的指示系統，讓集體行為的模式朝向未予言明的更高或外在權威之意圖）
3.
他們的工作之間如何被協調？(有誰當司令塔？)（OR有第三者論述來整併不同論述於較大而同質的論述架構裡）
4.
他們顧及（OR參照）那些文本？(研究、病例？)
5.
這些文本如何產生（OR 源自何處）？產生的過程（OR 「文本旅程」）經誰之手？(誰寫？誰看？誰用？)
但我更有興趣的在於，IE本身找回論述主體的運動性(內文中也有提到這並非其弱點，但我們應該怎麼看待這樣的缺陷)之於我自身研究的緊張關係(我是半個外人)以及如何詮釋如療效等更實在經驗論的敘事。
有趣的點：
1. P497:
Most basic is the importance that institutional ethnographers attach to
understanding the social world that is enacted
in institutions. In IE --- things --- are both created and
interpreted in actions. In the IE approach, meanings are never fixed
and the definitions of terms --- is not the best way to understand IE
--- IE requires that we understand how institutional ethnography’s terms
“work” in the contexts of their use
2. P497-498:
--- knowledge is socially organized, IE cannot stand outside
the social relations of any setting in some ‘neutral space’ --- the
standpoint of the researcher and of the research is always an issue for what
is the learned and made known ---
3. P479:
--- out of the discoveries of the feminist movement --- Smith developed IE as
an alternative sociology, one that avoids --- use of theory in
research that --- established ‘the knower’s discursive position as
transcending --- people’s experience --- an essential claim --- addresses a
problematic or puzzle discoverable in people’s own experiences in their
everyday worlds, and does so from their own perspectives
4. P479:
IE makes an --- understanding that the knowledge it generates is never
neutral --- an inquiry in IE is embedded in and expresses a
particular politics of knowing ---
5. P501:
--- the idea of ruling relations is brought to the study by the researcher not as a theoretical concept, but as a
strategy for looking
6. P501:
The researcher’s choice of a problematic for inquiry occurs from getting to
know the setting --- Central --- is IE’s commitment to being a research ‘for
people’, This --- demands on how the research is conducted ---
7. P501~502:
--- researcher establishes --- research topic in relation to the people in
the setting and to their experiences
8. P506:
The ethnographic data --- in IE were chosen --- not because
they expressed or elaborated ---- a theoretical discourse ---- Rather,
the data offer an entry into the actual workings of an institutional regime
9. P508:
--- help to extend knowledge beyond nominalization --- for instance, “managerialism”,
“neoliberalism” --- politics of knowing ---
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